![]() Here, we investigated the naturally occurring rates of cell proliferation in the neurogenic SVZ as well as neuronal incorporation into the vocal regions HVC and Area X in two songbird species, zebra finches and Bengalese finches. ![]() Nevertheless, they also add new neurons into their vocal nuclei in adulthood and their role is not yet understood. ![]() On the other hand, the ‘closed-ended' learners (such as zebra finches or Bengalese finches) learn their songs during early development and do not learn new song elements later on. The new neurons added in adulthood might be necessary or permissive for learning the new song motor patterns. The ‘open-ended' learners (such as European starlings or canaries) can learn new songs or song elements during their entire life. Song learning strategies form a continuum between closed-ended and open-ended ones across bird species. ![]() The data for zebra finches and Bengalese finches, however, come from deafened birds. domestica), to 0.1–0.74% in canaries ( Serinus canaria). Species vary in the proportion of new neurons incorporated into the HVC, ranging from 0.1–0.2% in zebra finches ( Taeniopygia guttata), 0.4% in Bengalese finches ( Lonchura striata var. In the HVC, the new neurons are already present 8 days after their labelling with -thymidine and they form efferent projections to the nucleus robustus arcopallii (RA) within 31 days. Among the brain areas which incorporate new neurons are the vocal regions HVC (used as a proper name ) and Area X of striatum that are involved in control of song production and learning, respectively. The new cells reach the final destination within 20 days. The migrating fusiform neuroblasts express the microtubule-associated protein doublecortin (DCX ) which is also expressed in the young round shaped neurons for up to 30 days when they differentiate and start expressing the neuronal marker NeuN. In songbirds, the newborn neurons migrate from the SVZ to the whole telencephalon. Songbirds that learn their song represent an excellent model to study neurogenesis in relation to behavioural plasticity. It has been proposed that the adult neurogenesis enables the forming of new memories and that the new neurons enhance behavioural plasticity. Both, the neurons born during development and the adult-born neurons originate in the region lining the walls of the lateral ventricle, called a subventricular zone (SVZ) (Dewulf & Bottjer Scott & Lois ). Neurogenesis is a process which gives rise to new neurons. In summary, our data support the hypothesis that newly generated neurons facilitate behavioural variability. Importantly, this vocal sequence variability in Bengalese finches correlated with the number of new neurons in the vocal nucleus HVC and more plastic song was associated with higher neuronal incorporation. We found that Bengalese finches had less linear and stereotyped song sequence and a higher number of newborn cells in the neurogenic subventricular zone (SVZ) as well as the number of newly born neurons incorporated into the vocal nucleus HVC (used as a proper name) in comparison to zebra finches. domestica), which do not learn new song elements as adults but differ in the level of song sequence variability. Here, we examined the basal levels of neurogenesis in two songbird species, zebra finch ( Taeniopygia guttata) and Bengalese finch ( Lonchura striata var. It has been suggested that the new neurons in the song system might enable vocal variability. Neurogenesis takes part in the adult songbird brain and new neurons are integrated into the forebrain including defined areas involved in the control of song learning and production.
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